Apis

A History of Archaeology and Excavation at Saqqara

The Great Step Pyramid of Djoser in Saqarra, EgyptThe cemetery at Saqqara is one of the most important archaeological sites in Egypt. Over six kilometres long, it boasts thousands of underground burial sites, as well as the six-step Djoser pyramid – Egypt’s oldest pyramid.

The ruins at Saqqara have long attracted the interest of explorers, grave-robbers and local people. Travellers first reported evidence of antiquities at Saqqara in the 16th century. The Djoser Pyramid and the smaller pyramids around it were hard to miss – but the size of the necropolis only became apparent with the advent of excavations in the 19th century.

Auguste Mariette

Egypte, Alexandrie,  Sérapeum.

Auguste Mariette
Pre-eminent Egyptologist of the 19th century

Born in Boulogne, France, Auguste Mariette was one of the pre-eminent Egyptologists of the 19th century. Aside from his individual discoveries and triumphs, Mariette was one of the first archaeologists to support the cause of keeping Egyptian antiquities in Egypt.

Mariette joined the Louvre in 1849 and was sent to Egypt the following year to purchase Coptic manuscripts. Having had little success in his mission – and afraid to return empty handed – Mariette developed an interest in excavations.

His big break came when he stumbled across the Serapeum at Saqqara in 1851. This gigantic complex of catacombs was devoted to sacred Apis bulls and contained numerous hidden chambers and sarcophagi.

Mariette spent the next several years in Egypt and gradually came to support the then-radical notion of allowing the Egyptians to hold on to their treasures. In 1859, he convinced the Khedive to found the Department of Antiquities, with himself as its head.

In his new role, Mariette moved to curb the number of treasures exported from Egypt and sold for private gain, and granted himself a virtual monopoly on excavations. His later achievements included clearing the ground around the Great Sphinx and excavating the temples of Dandarah and Edfu.

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The Egyptian Collection at Palazzo Altemps

Four New Rooms at Palazzo Altemps

Rome's Palazzo Altemps is an elegant 15th century aristocratic residence in the heart of Rome's chaotic city centre, just north of piazza Navona. The frescoed porticoes and painted ceilings make it worthy of a visit – many come just to sit in the quiet oasis of its sunny courtyard and look up at the 600-year old building. But, as one of the four locations of the Museo Nazionale Romano, it has a fantastic collection of Roman and Egyptian statues.

About The AuthorBija KnowlesBija Knowles
Bija Knowles is a freelance journalist based outside Rome, Italy. She graduated in Italian and English Literature from the University of Birmingham, UK, and her main areas of interest are art, travel and history in Italy.

Last three pieces by this author: 5 Interesting Facts to Impress Your Fellow St Patrick's Day Drinkers, New Exhibition: How Greek Culture in the Age of Conquest Changed Roman Art , Brittania Superior 'v' Brittania Inferior: the Roman Roots of Britain's North-South Divide


The bull Apis

Apis bull

Key People

French archaeologist Auguste Mariette was responsible for the excavations at Saqqara, during which the remains of the Serapeum - the necropolis of the sacred Apis bulls - were discovered, together with a processional avenue leading to the shrine. He discovered the tombs of over sixty bulls. He founded the Cairo museum, and found time to write a scenario for an opera, which eventually became Verdi's Aida.

The sacred bull Apis was associated with the Pharoah, one of whose titles was 'Victorious Bull'. Sacred bulls were chosen according to various criteria, including the triangular white mark on the forehead. They were kept in their own 'court' at Memphis and their mummified remains were kept in the Serapeum at Saqqara, where they were worshipped. Popular devotion to the bull is shown in the dedication of numerous steles to the god. In later Egypt the Apis bull is also identified with Osiris, becoming the 'bull Osiris' after its death. This fine sculpture was found under a wooden structure along the avenue that leads to the Serapeum. It commemorates a bull which died under Pharoah Nectanebo I. It was originally painted.

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